Anxiety Among Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics Essay

Abstract inebriant is unmatched of the nigh widely used medicate substances in the world. For many a(prenominal) people, drinking torrent beverage is nonhing to a greater extent than a pleasant way to relax. People with inebriant use disorders, however, drink to excess, endangering both themselves and others. In the noetic health nation inebriantism is caused virtu on the wholeyly by falling off, cargon and stress, on the other elapse it also leads to low gear and stress. The present schooling aims to compare natural opinion and disturbance among drys and non- boozers. It was assumed that falling off and perplexity may be the risk factors for inebriation. A model of 100 people (50 alcoholics and 50 non-alcoholics) was randomly selected from Delhi. Beck Depression line (BDI) and Beck disturbance parentage (BAI) were used to collect data on feeling and anguish. t-test was administered to compare two groups. The result of the theatre of operations show ed that alcoholic group was laid-back on depression as well as anguish than the non alcoholic group, and it was also found that there is no form cut workaday race surrounded by boozing and depression and trouble. intoxicantism is perhaps most strongly associated with antisocial personality disorder and drug ill-use, but its kinship to other make fors of psychopathology has become increasingly evident. In particular, investigations of alcoholic samples render a strong co-occurrence of alcoholism with diverse form of anxiety and depressive disorder (Barbor et al, 1992 Chambless et al, 1987 Hasegawa 1991 keller 1994 Nunes, Quitkin & Berman, 1988 Penick, 1994 Schuckit, Irwin & Brown, 1990). ______________________________________________________________________ *Associate professor, Deptt. Of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh **Research scholar, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.According to Nijhawan (1972) Anxiety, one of the most pervasive psychological pheno menons of the modern era refers to a immovable distressing psychological state arising from an inner conflict. Depression hobo be defined as a state of mind, or much specifically, a mental disorder, characterized by lowering of the individuals vitality, his mood, his desires, hopes, aspirations and of his self-esteem. It may stretch from no more than a mild feeling of fatigue and sadness to the most profound state of apathy with complete, psychotic dismiss for reality. (Mendelssohn, 1963). Alcoholism can lead people into serious trouble, and can be physically and mentally destructive.Currently alcohol use is involved in half of all crimes, murders, accidental deaths, and suicides. There are also many health problems associated with alcohol use such as brain damage, cancer, eye disease, diseases of the liver, depression anxiety and other mental disorders. Results from community canvasss and epidemiologic samples signalise that substantial co morbidity also exists for depres sion, anxiety and alcoholism in the public existence (Regier et al, 1990 Helzer & Pryzbeck, 1988 Kendler et al, 1995). The high co-occurrence of these syndromes, therefore, represents a significant clinical and public health issue that is likely to affect a substantial proportion of the world(a) population.Although the comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders has been extensively documented in both clinical and epidemiologic investigations, the specific mechanisms underlying these associations remain a source of debate. one and only(a) widely accepted hypothesis is that these forms of comorbidity reflect a causal kin of alcoholism with anxiety and depression. Support for a causal association is found partly on observations that alcohol is commonly used to self- medicate types of electronegative affect, and so, alcoholism often develops as a secondary diagnosing to anxiety and depression (Meyer & Kranzler,1990 Hesselbrock, Meyer & Keener,1985 Lader,1972 Merikangas et al,1985).The 18-month follow-up of participants of the Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults Living in esoteric Households, 2000 survey (Singleton & Lewis, 2003) provides an opportunity to determine whether excessive alcohol consumption and freakish patterns of use are risk factors for incident anxiety and depression in the general population. The study also examined the reverse likenessship, considering whether anxiety and depression are risk factors for the development of abnormal patterns of alcohol consumption.However, evidence for a causal relationship is not unidirectional as alcoholism is often discovered as a primary disorder, and the presence of problem drinking itself may generate severe anxiety or depressive syndromes (Mendelson & Mello, 1979, Nathan, OBrien & Lowenstein, 1971 Schuckit, Irwin & Smith, 1994 Stockwell, Hodgson & Rankin, 1982). Heavy alcohol consumption has been implicated in the development of anxiety and depression (Schuckit, 1983). many an (prenominal) cross-sectional studies afford identified considerable comorbidity amid anxiety and depression, and alcohol abuse. For example, data from four large community based epidemiological studies (n422 000) in Europe and the USA consistently demonstrated a two- to threefold augment in the lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression in those with DSM terce or DSMIIIR alcohol abuse or colony (Swendsen et al, 1998).If anxiety disorders and alcoholism are casually related, there should be a high rate of alcoholism among patients beingness treated for anxiety disorders. devil studies (Torgersen, 1986 Cloninger et al, 1981) of the prevalence of alcoholism in patients being treated for anxiety neurosis were identified. These investigations suggest a lifetime population prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence of approximately 14%.The survey of the relevant literature make it quite obvious that much of the studies show a prevalence of depression and anxiety among alcoholics. Ho wever, prior studies have also pointed out the possibility of alcoholism as risk factors for depression and anxiety. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, literature does not provide any clear cut direction towards the casual relationship between alcoholism and depression and anxiety. Thus, despite the strong association of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders, no universal consensus has been reached regarding the specific mechanisms underlying these associations. The present study aims to identify depression and anxiety among alcoholic and non-alcoholic peoples. MethodSample sample of the present study consisted of 100 subjects (50 alcoholics and 50 non alcoholics). The alcoholics were identified through survey from different living areas (including rural, urban and semi-urban) of Delhi and 50 alcoholics were randomly selected for the study. In the same way the non-alcoholic subjects were also selected randomly from different parts of Delhi. The age localize of the subjects was between 25 to 50 years.ToolsBeck Depression Inventory BDI -2nd was intentional by Beck, Steer & Brown (1996). This self report outmatch has shown to document levels of depression. BDI -2nd variance contains 21 items, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. The cut offs used are 0-13 Minimal depression 14-19 Mild depression 20-28 Moderate depression and 29-63 Severe Depression. Higher match scorer indicates more severe depression symptoms.Beck Anxiety Inventory was designed Beck, Epstein, Brown, Steer (1988). This self report scale has shown to document levels of Anxiety symptoms in a valid and consistent manner. BAI contains 21 items each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Each symptom item has four possible answer choices not at all (assigned value =o) Mildly (it did not bother me much) (assigned value=1) Moderately (it was afflictive but I could can it) (assigned value =2) and Severely (I could barely stand it) (assigned value =3). The values for each item are summed together to comport an overall or score for all 21 symptoms that can range between 0 and 63 points. A total score of 0-7 is taken as a minimal level of Anxiety, 8-15 as mild, 16-25 as moderate and 26-63 as severe. The BAI is psychometrically sound. Interval consistency =.92 to.94, for adults and test-retest (one week interval) reliability is .75.Procedure The test for depression and anxiety were administered on the subjects individually by and by establishing the rapport with them. Each and every item was explained to the subject, and then he was asked to serve truly for the item. Thus data was collected for depression and anxiety from alcoholic and non-alcoholic people. t-test was applied to find out the significance of difference between the besotted scores of different groups.ResultsTABLE-1Showing comparison of Mean for depression and anxiety scores between the alcoholics and non-alcoholics Variables Groups N Mean Std.deviation t df P depr ession Alcoholic Nonalcoholic 50 50 35.7600 17.1000 10.17913 6.15530 11.092 98 .01* Anxiety Alcoholicnonalcoholic 50 50 38.0800 18.3200 11.55261 6.18570 10.662 98 .01**Significant at .01 level of confidenceTABLE-1 kick upstairs shows the results obtained by the comparison of alcoholics and non alcoholic group for depression and anxiety. The obtained results show that the wet depression score (M=35.7600) for alcoholic people is higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than the mean depression score (M=17.1000) for non alcoholic people, and the difference between the two means (t=11.092) is statistically significant at .01 level of confidence. Consequently it reveals the findings that alcoholic people have higher depression than the non-alcoholics.The TABLE-1 also shows the results of the comparison of alcoholic and non-alcoholic people on anxiety. The mean anxiety scores (M=38.0800) of alcoholics is found very much higher than the mean anxiety scores (M=18.3200) of the non-alcoholics and the two means difference (t=10.662) is statistically significant at .01 level of confidence. It indicates that alcoholic people have higher anxiety than the non-alcoholic people.DiscussionThe basis of the above results may safely be concluded that the alcoholics are highly depressed and extremely burning than the non-alcoholic people. However, the high prevalence of these anxiety and depressives symptoms does not necessarily mean that these alcoholic individuals go away demonstrate the prospicient term course or require the long term treatments associated with DSM-III-R major depressive and anxiety disorders. The temporal nature of the association between Depression & Anxiety and alcohol is difficult to determine from studies, which uncertainty arising as to whether alcohol is a risk factor or a form of self medication. The finding of the present study support the findings of Hartka et al, (1991) that reported a significant correlation between baseline consumption of alcohol and depr ession at follow-up based on data from eight longitudinal studies. However, in this analysis control of confounders was limited to age, gender and interval between measurements.Overall, our findings are contradictory with those of Wang & Patten (2001) who observed no excess morbidity among those who drank daily, those who drank in binges (more than five drinks), those who had more than one drink daily, and among drinkers in general. Alcohol dependence was not considered. Similarly, in a randomly selected community age group with follow-up at 3 and 7 years, Moscato et al (1997) found no excess incidence of depressive symptoms among those with alcohol problems (defined as a DSMIV diagnosis of alcohol dependence or abuse or drinking more than five drinks a day on one or more occasions per week).It may safely be concluded on the bases of previous literature and result of the present study that there is no clear cut casual relationship between depressive and anxiety disorder and alcohol ism. 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